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Lead (Pb)


Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is a shiny gray with a hint of blue. It tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air.

  • Symbol: Pb
  • Atomic number: 82
  • Melting point: 327.5 °C
  • Atomic mass: 207.2 u
  • Electron configuration: [Xe] 6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p²
  • Discovery: Middle East (7000 BCE)
  • Period: period 6
  • Zinc (Zn)


    Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a shiny-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table.

  • Symbol: Zn
  • Atomic mass: 65.38 u
  • Atomic number: 30
  • Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰4s²
  • Discovery: Indian metallurgists (before 1000 BCE)
  • Group: group 12
  • Heat of fusion: 7.32 kJ/mol
  • Lithium (Li)


    Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element.

  • Symbol: Li
  • Atomic number: 3
  • Atomic mass: 6.941 u
  • Discovered: 1817
  • Discoverer: Johan August Arfwedson
  • Melting point: 180.5 °C
  • Electron configuration: 1s²2s¹
  • Tin (Sn)


    Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. A silvery-coloured metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force, and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort.

  • Symbol: Sn
  • Atomic number: 50
  • Melting point: 231.9 °C
  • Atomic mass: 118.71 u
  • Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰5s²5p²
  • Atomic radius: 140 pm
  • Boiling point: 2,602 °C
  • Niobium (Nb)


    Niobium is a chemical element with chemical symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It is a light grey, crystalline, and ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a Mohs hardness rating similar to pure titanium, and it has similar ductility to iron.

  • Symbol: Nb
  • Atomic number: 41
  • Discoverer: Charles Hatchett
  • Atomic mass: 92.90638 u
  • Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d⁴5s¹
  • Melting point: 2,477 °C
  • Discovered: 1801